Carbon-Dioxide System Relief Sizing

Carbon-Dioxide System Relief Sizing (2023) - Generally, safety standards for refrigeration systems require the placement of at least one overpressureprotection device on all carbon-dioxide (R-744) systems as well as on vessels manufactured in accordance with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII Division I, or the regional equivalent1,2. The standards contain equations for determining the required discharge capacity to relieve pressure caused by external heating for common pressurized system components in the form of a constant multiplied by an area, either projected or actual, specific to the equipment type. The constant in the equations, ƒ, is based on the continuous and constant external radiative heating of two phases in equilibrium at the relieving pressure, allowing for boiling and assuming ideal-gas behavior to convert the boiling mass flow into standard-air flow. In practice, many carbon-dioxide refrigeration systems discharge under non-ideal conditions. Therefore, the underlying assumptions of the current standards do not apply to the real-world conditions that are anticipated for many, if not all, carbon-dioxide refrigeration systems. This study presents an overview with examples of a rigorous two-step isobaric–isentropic calculation method, commonly known as the homogenous direct integration method, to determine the overpressure-protection device maximum flow area for any carbon-dioxide relief condition that may be expected in refrigeration systems.
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